Unemployment Rates Essay Example For Students

Unemployment Rates Essay I. Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between the unemployment rates of College graduates and High School graduates. From this investigation, it appears that the relationship is moderately weak. II. Introduction Many people pursue a degree to escape the inevitability of unemployment. It is obvious that many people feel a college education is important, and more employment opportunities will arise if one has a degree. On the other hand, can someone be just as successful with only a High School degree? Is there an association between the Unemployment Rates Essay of College and High School graduates? This spring quarter I have become knowledgeable as to how to use the Storm software. Therefore, I am able to compare data obtained to determine if a certain relationship exists between the two variables. As a result of using this information, I was able to accurately state if there was any kind of relationship between the unemployment rates of College and High School graduates. III. Discussion of Variables It might be thought that the unemployment rates of College graduates and High School graduates are related in that when the unemployment rates of High School graduates increases, the unemployment rate of College graduates might be expected to decline or remain steady. We will write a custom essay on Unemployment Rates specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The reason for being is because it is assumed that having a college degree means greater job security. To test this theory, 40 data elements are acquired. Randomness is sought by selecting the data on the last day of the month for 40 consecutive months starting with January 2001, and ending with April 2004. This time period includes unemployment rates that are not seasonally adjusted. The data on the unemployment rates of both College and High School graduates was found in the U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. IV. Discussion of the Results The sample is described using a linear regression model. The result is expressed by the formula: High School (Y) = 2.14 + 1.04 College (X). The R-squared at 0.40 suggests that the relationship is moderately weak due to the fact that R-squared represents a stronger relationship the closer the number is to 1. A study of the residual graphs indicates that the relationship is poor due to curvilinearity for unemployment rates of College graduates and poor due to violation of both homoscedasticity and linearity assumption for the unemployment rates of High School graduates. This impacts on the results by saying that the graphs show that the model does not describe the data fully. V. Conclusion Taken as a whole, this model seems to need more refinement being that the R-squared is actually fairly moderate at 0. 40. This model might be of little use in predicting future movements of high school (Y) when college (X) moves. Particularly interesting is how the unemployment rates for both College and High School graduates have increased during the years, and that one if not influenced by the other significantly. VI. Appendix When trying to describe a universe such as the relationship between unemployment rates of high school graduates versus college graduates, one might take a random sample and expect that the sample adequately represents the universe. The sample in this study is the unemployment rates for 40 consecutive months of those with simply a High School diploma versus those who possess a College degree (Bachelors Degree or Higher). Next, measures are taken of the sample, and a model estimated. If the model is a good estimator of the sample, it is to be expected that the model is a good estimator of the universe. In this study, the model is not a good estimator of the sample, and therefore it is not expected to be a good estimator of the universe. The model used in this paper is the linear regression model, which attempts to model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear equation to observed data. One variable is considered to be an explanatory variable, and the other is considered to be a dependent variable (Poole OFarrell 1). There are several research objectives for which the regression model may be used, but they may be classified into three groups: (I) the computation of point estimates, (II) the derivation of interval estimates, and (III) the testing of hypotheses (Poole OFarrell 2). .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .postImageUrl , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:hover , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:visited , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:active { border:0!important; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:active , .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610 .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b5e29ab35f6841b6b5ac426d27e6610:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education Starts at Home Essay Care has to be taken to observe the assumptions of the model, which are: 1. The mean of the probability distribution of the random error is 0, E(e) = 0. that is, the average of the errors over an infinitely long series of experiments is 0 for each setting of the independent .

American Political System essays

American Political System essays Dually, the way Congress and the executive branch is formed affects public policy we have as well as the quality of democracy and its insulation from the public. The Congress purpose, when it was created, was to, quite simply, make laws. The executive branchs purpose was to execute the law. There are interests groups, however, that have more of an influence on these two instruments of law because of their large disposable income. The nature of these interest groups is to lock in their own opinion into the government and isolate these policymakers from any public opinion. Through their wealth, they affect policy and the interest groups will is carried out. Hence, the lawmakers hired for the job of congressman or president, for example, are influenced more so by these interest groups than by the will of the public. Congress was built in order to make laws. As it started out, Congress was established by rich land owners, professionals, and primarily those of the top 1% of income earners. Because of this, the congress was sculpted to serve their needs which include but are not limited to, lowering income tax, supporting a hands-off, or laissez-faire policy toward the economy and creating new laws and programs that maintain their way of life. Even though candidates may run and say that they are for Congressional reform, these candidates mainly respond to the interest groups that support them, which will be explained later on. This, in turn, does not bring about much change. Ultimately, even though congress is fragmented in nature, the laws that are created cater to those wealthy interest groups. Through many years, congress has broken powers up to balance itself out. Now the power in congress lies mainly in the committees and subcommittees. The speaker of the house once had much power including that to unilaterally kill any piece of legislation he should desire. An abuse of power brought about reform in ...

Visual rhitoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual rhitoric - Essay Example Perhaps the most notable modern day company using this advertising approach is Apple, Inc. This essay examines the visual rhetoric behind Apple’s ‘Think different’ print advertisement arguing that it functions as a means of inspiring the consumer and positioning Apple, Inc. as an alternative to other forms of computer technology. The Apple ‘Think different’ print advertisement is one element of a large-scale marketing approach that also included a variety of television advertisements. The advertisement was originally featured in mainstream publications such as Time and Newsweek (Isaacson). One of the reasons I chose this advertisement is because it is an aspect of visual rhetoric that I readily identify with. I find the message inspiring, even while I recognize that it functions as means of capitalizing on my consumer status. In these regards, I am intrigued by its message and means of ‘inspiring’ or perhaps manipulating me into buying Apple, Inc. products. Indeed, Steve Jobs once noted that, â€Å"Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact, and that is - everything around you that you call life, was made up by people that were no smarter than you. And you can change it, you can influence it, you can build your own things that other people can use† ("YouTube") . Within this advertisement are emotions that engender this perspective and both motivate the consumer towards purchasing Apple products and using them change things. This specific print advertisement, figure 1, is unique in that it is highly minimalistic. As can be seen the advertisement contains a black background with the Apple logo and the phrase ‘Think different’ featured underneath the logo. Still, it’s clear there are a number of complex rhetorical elements at work within this design. The first consideration is the Apple logo itself. This logo has been a part of the Apple corporation since its inception in the early 1980s. In these

Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Single Market - Essay Example The focus in this paper is on Single Market, also known as the Internal Market, a very well-known European Union project with an objective to mold Europe into a single economy and create free trade within the union. This influential project encompasses European Customs Union, the single currency and other policies which are proposed to unite the economy of EU into a single unit. It was in 1957 when the Treaty of Rome was established to provide the conditions for the economic community which includes progress of internal market, single agricultural policy and the structure of the institutions of European Community. The Treaty of Rome introduced the concept of qualified majority of voting. The Treaty of Rome set out four freedoms in Europe which include freedom of movement of goods, to provide services, of capital and of people. It was in 1968 when European Customs Union was created to further establish the provisions of the treaty. The creation of this treaty marked the end of the NTB s or non-tariff barriers. After the creation of this treaty, there was a clash between laissez-faire and interventionist as well as between regulated capitalism and neo-liberalism. In order to further take step in creating a single market, the European community created a policy of harmonisation to reconcile the differences in national regulatory practices and to create more common rules. However, this policy did not fully succeed because of complexity of the processes including Non-Tariff Barriers, the decision rule of the majority and lastly, it posted low political interest from the member states. (â€Å"The Single Market†). This common market or harmonisation was created by the Treaty of Rome in order to eliminate trade barriers and to ensure economic progress among the member states. The achievement of the full implementation of the policy did not succeed largely because of the selection of detailed legislative harmonisation (â€Å"European Parliament†). Since the member states wanted to have everything voted unanimously, harmonisation became very difficult to achieve. The European Court of Justice and Mutual Recognition In order to develop the purpose of creating a unified market in Europe, a crucial step was made by the European Court of Justice. The principle of mutual recognition was created to guarantee the free movement of goods and services. However, this principle does not require all members of the union to have a unified legislation. Both goods and services cannot be banned from sale on the territory of another member states except if there overriding of general interest such as health, consumer protection and protection of the environment (â€Å"The Mutual Recognition†). Aside from this very simple provision, it must be noted that the rules of the member state of origin of the goods and services must prevail. This is considered a practical and influential tool for an economic integration without sacrificing the local, regio nal and national tradition ( â€Å"The Mutual Recognition†). Though there is a move to integrate the market into a single market, the community still wanted to retain the diversity of the products and services offered by the member states. This crucial step promoted common reciprocity of standards than harmonisation policy. It is said that member states can only call upon national restrictions, traditions, customs and control free trade in areas considered not mutually equivalent (â€Å"The Single Market†). Neoliberalism and the European Union According to Hermann (n.d.),

Realistic nursing care plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Realistic nursing care plan - Essay Example He is peripherally cyanosed and very anxious. To be able to provide a realistic nursing care plan on the above-mentioned case, it is first necessary to add a little more information that may help us focus on the type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that Mr. Percy Jones might be suffering. Before moving on, it is imperative at this point to define what CODP is. CODP is generally defined by the Manual of Nursing Practice (2001, p. 294) as "a term that refers to a group of conditions characterized by continued increased resistance to expiratory airflow." Marieb (2002, p. 403) further gives us features that are common among CODP patients, and these are as follows: patients almost always have a history of smoking; dyspnea occurs and becomes progressively more severe; coughing and frequent pulmonary infections are common; and most CODP victims are hypoxic, retain carbon dioxide and have respiratory acidosis, and ultimately develop respiratory failure. Generally, CODP may either be chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by severe inflammation of the mucosa of the lower respiratory passages, coupled with the excessive production of mucus (Marieb, 2002, p. 403) which results in the presence of "cough and sputum production for at least a combined total of three months in each of two consecutive years" (Smeltzer and Bar e 2004, p. 569). Emphysema, on the other hand, is a disease that "affects the airways characterized by the destruction of the walls of overdistended alveoli" (Smeltzer and Bare 2004, p. 569). We shall elaborate on emphysema in a short while. The case clearly alludes to a type of CODP that stems directly from too much exposure to mining dusts. Though most CODP cases are due to cigarette smoking or passing smoking, Mr. Jones' illness differs from the majority as to the main cause and probable coincidence of the different types of CODP. Though complications and the occurrence of two types of CODP is a possibility, allow me to narrow down Mr. Jones' CODP type based on the facts that are given. According to a study by Cogon and Taylor (1998, p. 406), miners, due to dust exposure, are prone to centrilobular emphysema, especially in the presence of pneumoconiosis. Emphysema, as must be recalled, is a progressive COPD condition where the walls of the alveoli are destroyed due to recurrent infection. Such results in the enlargement of dead space in the lungs which leads to hypoxemia, and in worse cases, hypercapnia (which, in turn, may lead to other complications) (Smeltzer and Bare, 2004, p. 570). Emphysema, in turn, may either be panlobular or centrilobular. Again, both types of emphysema may exist in one patient, the main difference between the two are as follows: panlobular emphysema, there is the destruction of the bronchiole, alveolar duct, and alveoli such that all air spaces within the lobule are essentially enlarged, but there is little inflammatory disease (Smeltzer and Bare 2004, p. 570); in centrilobular emphysema, what is affected are the proximal aspects of the lu ng acinus, primarily the area of the respiratory bronchioles (RadioWiki 2005), though, alveolar ducts in the proximal and middle portion of the pulmonary module may be destroyed in gross cases, resulting in holes or emphysematous spaces (Daroca

Changes to the Global Economy

Changes to the Global Economy As an introduction, it is important to remember that the historical background meaning the first and the second World War and the cold war created deep economic problems. The economic global system crossed a lot of significant events, from the great depression to the stagflation. One of the major development in the world economy from 1980 is the massive neo-liberalism wave. We will consider the Washington Consensus as the roots of our analysis. Formulated by John Williamson in 1990, it is a set of economic policies within the international communities working at the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. It is a redirection of public expenditure priorities toward fields offering both economic returns and the potential to improve income distribution to help failing economies in front of their massive debts. Then, the term was linked with neo-liberalism process or even globalization process. The neo-liberalism that the world is handling was spreaded out from the anglo-saxon world to the Occidental world and then to the whole world and based on the privatization, cross-border trade, reduction of the deficit spending But these system has some limits and in 2008, speculation exploded in USA. The 15th of September, a big investment bank called Lehman Broth ers defaulted, spreading a global financial crisis. US, UK and European governments were involved into rescue plan within institutions avoiding a world paralysis of the system. A second major development in the world economy from 1980 is a switch of the balance of powers between countries. The developed countries run over the developing countries. The economic system permits to enrich the richer and impoverish the poorer but not only between countries but as well within countries. The gap became bigger not only between developed and developing countries but also between poor and rich people within developed and developing countries. It is kind of a vicious circle because the economy part it closely linked to the poverty problem. According to Fisher, â€Å"as far as economics is concerned, the big challenge is poverty[1]†. As an evidence of poverty and global inequalities, there are two main available indicators. The first one, given by the World Bank, is the ratio of absolute poverty. It is â€Å" the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 2005 international prices[2]†. At the time the text was written, the ratio consi dered people leaving on less $1 a day at 1993 international prices. Even if from 1987 to 1999, the world ratio of absolute poverty decreased from 28,3 % to 23,2 %, the same ratio without China and in term of absolute number increased from 880 millions to 945 millions. Indeed, Chinas population accounted for 38 %[3] of the world population at that time (19 % today) so nuances between countries need to be specified to have a good understanding of the overall world situation. The second one, given by the United Nation Development program, is the Human Indicator Index. It ranks countries according to their level of development. It measures three dimensions, long and healthy life, acquire knowledge and decent standard of leaving, and integrate into one index[4]. Again, if from 1980 to 2000, the global HDI increased, that does not mean that â€Å"everyone in the developing countries is doing better[5]†. So as a conclusion, indicators have to be manipulated really carefully as well as the weight of every countries and their individual situation. The economic situation is more and more complex because there is an increasing number of emerging countries which are redefining the concept of power. Within the developing countries, there is huge development and wealth inequalities. The BRICs appear to be a consensus within this definition. So who are they? It is in 2001 that the notion appears, permitting to describe a temporary and spontaneous world balance. In 2014, the four BRIC countries became the BRICS corresponding to five countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China. They represent 25 % of the earths land surface, 42 % of the world population and 15% of the world GDP. Each of these five countries offer comparative advantages. Agricultural products for Brazil, energetic resources for Russia and Africa, manufactured goods for China and tertiary services for India. The last ten years, they underwent an important average annual growth whereas the European union one was only 1,5 and became major actors of the world economy. Despite of disparities, they have a lot of assets to weight against the giants of this world. They are nuclear giant, energetic giant, demographic giant and permanent member of the security council. Their economic development can be explained by different reasons. First of all, there were an opening from these countries where before the economy was controlled like Russia, India or China. Then, they increased the work force available at a global level. Finally, they decreased the cost of manufacturing goods and indeed, favoring the growth of other part of the world. These growth increased the demand of goods, consumption and mineral, involving the growth of some other parts of the world. Commercial trade increased by 4 since 1990. They are also fighting for a more fair position within the international organization like united nation security council, and for rebalanced the voting right within the World Bank and the the International Monetary Fund[6]. In spite of their global influence, they are getting out of breath since couple of months. That is why, some economists, like Laurence Daziano[7], predict the coming of a new group of countries, the BENIVMs: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Vietnam and Mexico These time, Daziano created more clear, coherent, fix and long run criteria. She considers five criteria: economic growth, population of at least 100 millions inhabitants, urbanization (need of infrastructures) and political stability. But it is a realist critic against the BRICS? During the last decades the world has witnessed a worldwide trend away from rather closed economic systems (Import-Substitution Industrialization, Socialist Planned Economies) towards more open and more market-based systems. Why this has happened and what did it bring? To explain this phenomenon, I will support the modernization theory who explains the development notion through an historical origin. Different criteria can explain this evolution: the rise of the US as a superpower after the Second World War and as a model to follow; the birth to many new nation-states in the Third World which were in search of development model, the US identified the threat of communism in post-war Europe and in the Third World believing that economic recovery and modernization and moved them along the path of the US, and thus they would move away from communism; the economic recovery of Western Europe strengthened the ideology. Development is a universal, spontaneous, irreversible process inherent in every single society rather than a concrete historical process taking place in specific societies during specific periods. Development is regarded as an evolutionary perspective. Modernization policies are not only seen as elements of a development strategy, but as un iversal historical forces. It bears a strong resemblance to the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Western economic history. Development implies structural differentiation and functional specialization. The process of development can be divided into distinct stages showing the level of development achieved by each society. There were five stages through which all developing societies had to pass: the traditional society (limited production, absence of modern science and technology, agricultural based, clan-based polity, and fatalistic mentality); the pre-take-off society (many traditional characteristics removed, agricultural productivity increased, effective infrastructure created, new mentality and new class appeared); take-off (most crucial, economic development obstacles removed, national income raised, certain sectors developed faster); the road to maturity (modern technology disseminated from the leading sector, the whole economy moves to mass consumption) and the mass consumption society (today in the West) According to Kornai, this switch from socialism to capitalism brought two obvious positive changes. The first one is that capitalism means democracy. It is historically proved than a democratic model is not possible in an another system than capitalism. Ones of the mains features of a capitalist society is the individual property and market forces. Kornai assesses that â€Å"there has been no country with a democratic political sphere, past or present, whose economy has not been dominated by private ownership and market coordination[8]†. But as a critic, he admits that this condition is not enough by itself in the long run. The second positive contribution of a capitalist system is the mechanic improvement. The dynamic of a capitalist system leads to a wish of increasing the profit and by doing so an improvement of innovation which is bringing  improvement of telecommunitions: facilitate trades, mobile phone, way sheaper and accessible in all aprt of the world. There is a raise of internet, all over and all aprts became possible and more easily accessible. References Janos Kornai. â€Å"What the Change of System From Socialism to Capitalism Does and Does Not Mean†, Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 12, no 1 (2000): 36 [1]  Stanley Fisher. â€Å"Globalization and its challenges†. AEA Papers and Proceedings Volume 93, no 2 (2003):2 [2]  The World Bank Group. â€Å"Poverty† in Data by Topic, (2014) http://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty> [10 April 2014] [3]  Fisher, Ibid., 6-10 [4]  United Nations Development Programme. â€Å"Human Development Index† in Human Devlopment Reports (2014) http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi> [10 April 2014] [5]  Fisher. Ibid. 9 [6]  Les dessous des cartes. â€Å"Le basculement de la richesse† (2011) http://ddc.arte.tv/nos-cartes/le-basculement-de-la-richesse> [10 April 2014] [7]  Laurence Daziano. â€Å"Emergents : aprà ¨s les BRICS, les BENIVMs ?† (2014) http://www.franceculture.fr/player/reecouter?play=4813724> [10 April 2014] [8]  Janos Kornai. â€Å"What the Change of System From Socialism to Capitalism Does and Does Not Mean†, Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 12, no 1 (2000): 36

The Roots of Bilingual Education Essay -- American History Educating E

The Roots of Bilingual Education A historical perspective on bilingual education is written in the article "Bilingual Education Traces its U.S. Roots to the Colonial Era" in the magazine Education Week. The author begins by writing, "Bilingual education has been part of the immigrant experience in America since the Colonial periods, when native-language schooling was the rule rather than the exception" (21). When immigrant groups settled in the United States they taught their children in their own languages, despite some attempts to impose English instruction. Many do not believe it but bilingual education was started before 1800 when German, French, Scandanavian, Polish, Dutch and Italian schools were established. From 1839 to 1880 French was the medium of instruction in Louisiana and from 1848 Spanish was the medium of instruction in New Mexico. In 1880-1917 German-English schools were established in Cincinnati, Baltimore and Indianapolis. The article mentions, "A resurgence of nativism in the late 19th ce ntury- a backlash against the foreign born, led by such organizations as the Know-Nothing Party- marked the beginning of a decline for bilingual education" (22). Bilingual education decreased significantly following World War I through the 1950’s. This decrease was due in large part to the intense nationalistic mood of the country during this period. President Roosevelt told immigrants, "There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism.. Any man who comes here†¦ must adopt the institutions of the United States, and , therefore, he must adopt the language which is now the native tongue of our people, no matter what the several strains in our blood may be. It would not be merely a misfortune, but a crime to p... ...eton: Princeton U Press, 1986), 98-134 Fernandez, Ronald, "The Disenchanted Island", (Praeger, Westport, Connecticut London) 1996 Figueroa-Martà ­nez, Luis. ed. Hist. 247 Reader. (January 1998). Pagan, Armando. "Puerto Ricans in Hartford and the legacy of the Underclass." Undergraduate Senior Thesis submitted to the Department of History, Trinity College, May 1999 Interviews from Park Street residents (5/5/99): Francisco Acevedo, Liz Perez-Balesky, Epifanio Garcia Interviews with Bilingual Education faculty at Hartford Public Highschool (5/6/99): Mrs. Aida Ramos (Vice-Principal), Ms. Clara Velez (Bilingual Math Teacher), Mrs. Irene Killian (TESOL), Ms. Zoraida Ortiz (Bilingual Science Teacher), and Ms. Nancy Harrison (TESOL/Bilingual Computer Lab Teacher).